Implications for Authority and Job Design at Bank of Canada Free Essay Example, 1250 words

According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that in terms of management, when one tends to define the job s authority then it is referred to as delegation. It is the sole responsibility of the managers in order to decide the level of authority the individuals in the organization need to possess in order to complete the task. In simpler terms, it can be stated that the authority provides an individual the right to make decisions without consulting or taking approval of others. It has been evident that the Royal Bank of Canada restructured its mortgage process in order to remain more decentralized. It has been apparent from the above organizational structure of the Royal Bank of Canada that the authority to make the decisions is held with the CEO of the company Mr. Gordon Nixon. He holds the position of the leader for achieving cohesion and direction among the various organizational units as well as individuals of the bank. There is various personnel working under the CEO. The job design of Royal Bank of Canada has been segregated into various departments such as capital market analyst, international banking executives, wealth management executives, human resource executives, Chief Financial Officer and others. We will write a custom essay sample on Implications for Authority and Job Design at Bank of Canada or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now It is worthwhile mentioning that individuals are assigned to accomplish each of the above mentioned specialized tasks. This makes it relatively easier for the bank to achieve the goals of the organization. The organizational structure of the organization tends to focus on various activities of the organization. In case of the Royal Bank of Canada, it has been noted that the bank has been following geographical departmentalization. Although this will tend to reduce the cost since the resources will be located quite near to the customers and thus the bank will be able to respond to the requirements of the different markets, it becomes cumbersome to coordinate across various departments. Therefore, in addition to following the geographical departmentalization, the Royal Bank of Canada can also follow the product departmentalization since the bank offers various products and/or services to its customers.

The Migrant Worker Lifestyle Can Be Largely Explained As A...

The migrant worker lifestyle can be largely explained as a subculture. These people have their own values and behaviors that distinguish themselves from the average American. The migrant workers work for little pay, and believe that hard work will pay off for them. They travel north and south and across the United States following the harvests of different crops so they can work and get paid. The one thing that sets this apart from the larger culture is that they are not following around the easiest or the highest paying work. They are following some of the hardest and lowest paying work that can be found. This is what sets their values and behaviors apart from the rest of the United States. These people live and grow up in a completely different world than the average American child. They start working at in their preteen years and do not stop working until their bodies won’t let them anymore. The children do not get forced into labor that early although many are. They choose to do it on their own because they have a desire to help their family out. This is not common among the average American household. In fact, most of the country would rise in an uproar if white children were found to be doing this sort of work, but it seems an exception has been made for these ones. The lifestyle that these people live is very different from the one the average American lives which makes their lifestyle a subculture inside our larger American culture. Their experiences in life giveShow MoreRelatedConflict Theory : A Theoretical Framework1304 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent families in this film are competing with each other for work. The scarce resources in this case is the work. This is why so many of the families migrate and follow the work wherever it goes. They are competing to try and do as much as they can to get the money they need to survive. The resources are scarce and sometimes it is very tough for them to find work. Many of them are turned down and told that there is no work. As they compete for these resources it is a game of survival of the fittestRead MoreFamily Tree19118 Words   |  77 Pagesmultiplicity of theories and concepts emerged during the past fifty years, studies and interventions have fundamentally offered two different diagnoses and answers to the problem of underdevelopment. While one position has argued that the problem was largely due to lack of information among populations, the other one suggested that power inequality was the underlying problem. Because the diagnoses were different, recommendations were different, too. Running the risk of overgeneralization, it could beRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesof the world, saw something important in all of these happenings. I grew up in Jamaica at a time when Rastas were still regarded as useless, lazy, half-insane, ganja-smoking illiterates who were of no value to society. Teachers, students, ofï ¬ ce workers, and anyone of social importance could not grow locks, and families would go into mourning when their sons would start sprouting them. I heard the term â€Å"black heart man† used again and again as a means of expressing fear or ridicule of the RastafarianRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesâ€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/Counterpoint Lost in Translation? 31 Questions for Review 32 Experiential Exercise Workforce Diversity 32 Ethical Dilemma Jekyll and Hyde 33 Case Incident 1 â€Å"Lessons for ‘Undercover’ Bosses† 34 Case Incident 2 Era of the Disposable Worker? 35 vii viii CONTENTS 2 2 The Individual Diversity in Organizations

Shaihu Umar free essay sample

Justifying the Inhumane Despite being brought up in a world we ourselves would consider inhuman, uncivil, and punishing, Shaihu Umar was a patient man that hundreds flocked to for wisdom and guidance. Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa’s Shaihu Umar: A Novel about Slavery in Africa follows the story of a boy that grows to be a highly respected Muslim man that endured through a whirling childhood. Beyond the capturing storyline, Balewa’s novel reveals much about the past world found in Africa that allows the reader to leave the novel more aware of the culture, dispositions, and history of the time. Balewa’s novel depicts a past world in which dehumanization of people is normalized through African life and custom. In my efforts to defend my argument, I refer to the dehumanization of people as the notion of slavery. Slavery in the traditional sense as we know it but also in the general sense of one person belonging to another through hierarchies of social stratification. In the past African world discovered in Balewa’s writing, the African life and customs reveal a time when the dehumanization of peoples became justified through legislations and social norms. Corrupt court systems and the slavery institution created the legal system for slavery while the African lifestyle and Muslim religion created a blanket of tolerance and acceptability. Together these aspects fashioned the world Shaihu Umar faced and recalls. The court systems created a world in which it was easy to be falsely convicted and difficult to prove anything otherwise. Multiple times in the storyline characters are wrongly convicted and face their word against another. In all situations, there is little done to search for the truth behind convictions or complaints. Each of the court related instances results in an unjust ruling that leads characters to ultimately accept the decision as fit. As seen early in the story, Makau is falsely convicted of hiding captured slaves and not reporting them to the court officials. As he is quickly outnumbered by many opinions against his own, and the judge declares he is guilty of an action he cannot prove himself innocent against. The chief of the court exclaims to Makau â€Å"this is the reward which you get  from God for having betrayed my trust, after I had trusted you† (27). Even in this situation when Makau was befriended by the chief, there was nothing Makau could do to prevent the ransacking of his compound and his eventual banishment. In another instance, Umar’s mother was captured into slavery. When she tried to assert her freedom in the courts, the courts ruled she was to be a slave. Although false and unfair, she is content with the decision at hand. The overall slavery institution does not upset her nor deter her from her task at hand. Umar’s mother â€Å"continued as usual, and did not show any sign that she was upset† (69) when she was ruled to go with her new owner. The instances of Makau, Umar’s mother, and the court related decisions reveal how it became acceptable to receive unjust and inhuman rulings. The decisions of the courts became something to accept and live with. There was no overturning the decision that had been made. Therefore the inhuman treatment of people became that of something to be followed and was understood as fit and just. Hausa lifestyle and custom reveal how the notion of inhuman ownership can exist outside of slavery and in something simple like social hierarchical norms of status through society. Simply put, the marriage between Umar’s mother and Makau revealed a way in which someone belonged to another outside of slavery. When Umar’s mother and Makau became married, Umar’s mother became, in some ways, property of Makau. On the day of her wedding, â€Å"a day was appointed upon which she was to move into her husband’s compound† (21). She was expected to do this and leave her old life behind. As a wife, she was also expected to be dedicated to her husband. These examples revolve around the idea that people could be entrapped to a form of slavery of ownership based on the understood norms of society. As a wife, Umar’s mother was expected to be a servant of her husband’s just like a slave would to their master. As we would see the inhuman treatment of a person to be a slaver to an owner, this parallel social construct was perfectly acceptable in the Hausa lifestyle. Another lifestyle adoption that contributed to the normalization of dehumanization and false treatment was the education one could receive. To become educated in the time and place seen in this novel was to become religiously enriched. After becoming a son of Abdulkarim, Umar began his education and assimilation of the Muslim religion. Umar was a man known to have a gentle face, ever patient and tolerant. His studies allowed him to become rich with  knowledge and, as a result, many travelled great distances to learn from him. Umar is an example of someone known in his time as having â€Å"the kind of character which the Arabs like† (56). Abdulkarim spoke these words regarding Umar’s character. Being of respected character, Umar was always gentle, he never interfered in what did not concern him and â€Å"he never wrangled with anyone† (18). These points revolve around the idea that the education of the time created for a more relaxed character and demeanor. As Umar began his life with Abdulkarim, it was aware to Abdulkarim that Umar was of a good character in that he kept to himself. This characteristic made him liked by Arabs. Together, Umar’s initial and educated character are something that’s valued by normal lifestyle. Umar has the ability to be patient and avoid anger. His education and assimilation to Muslim life make him a more understanding person, and better able to turn away from the harsh realities of life. Similar to the notion of religious education making for a more patient and understanding person, the Muslim religion has a strong influence on the acceptance of characters in Balewa’s novel. Many times, characters accept large realities they faced with justifications of God, or as things God had brought them to. There was little anger or frustration with a situation at hand, knowing God’s hand is at work. Makau’s banishment does not cause him unrest and he even prays for his banishers that â€Å"God bring you safely out of the forest† (30). It is a true testament of faith to pray for one’s own enemies as Makau does here. Another instance later, Umar’s mother is grateful to have finally found her son. She exclaims â€Å"for many years now I have been seeking you, and at last God has brought us together† (74). Despite the enslavement and other cruelties she suffered, Umar’s mother is eternally grateful to have found her son after the years God put her through to do so. In both these situations, dehumanizing actions were justified and normalized through the Muslim religion. The idea of God deeming them to happen gives Makau and Umar’s mother a peace of mind. It is because of all these varying aspects that something as dehumanizing and inhumane as human ownership. The world in which it becomes something of normal acceptance for a person to have unjust rulings held above them and eventually be owned or treated like property. The social laws and norms of the Hausa and Muslim lifestyle water down the affects felt by something like this and create a norm of acceptability. Beyond the lifestyles and expected behavioral  reactions, religion and education further develop a patient and accepting person. Umar was highly praised for his character in that he minded only himself and was patience toward all that happened. This one simple characteristic is highly regarded and looked well upon one whom may possess these characteristics. A person with these characteristics are apt to be accepting and cause little unrest over an unjust court ruling or the maltreatment of a person. Together these aspects create an acceptability for the most inhumane treatment of people. Bibliography Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Shaihu Umar: A Novel about Slavery in Africa. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1989

Consumer Behavior Report Effects of Consumer

Question: Describe about the Consumer Behavior Report for Effects of Consumer. Answer: Introduction Changes in the demography and consumer buying behavior is significantly affecting the manner in which the marketers are targeting their consumers and selling their products. The purpose of this report is to identify the changes in buying patterns of the target markets as a result of such shifts and changes in the attributes, lifestyles and perspective of the generations. Finally, recommendations on addressing the marketing and consumer behavior issues arising out of shifting demography are presented. Literature Review Consumer choices are affected by a number of internal and external factors. However, internal factors like demographic features including age, gender, marital status, income, education and occupation, exercise greater influence on buying behaviors as opposed to external factors like trends, peer pressure, etc. Moreover with rapid changes taking place, major shifts in demography in terms of educations, income, age preferences, etc. can be observed that are changing the rules of marketing and influencing marketing strategies (Alooma and Lawan, 2013). Numerous studies have been conducted in the recent years to understand the implications of demographic shifts and the changes in the buying patterns of the consumers. As observed in the market research conducted by International markets Bureau (2012), individuals are re-defining the way they think about their own age which is leading to down-aging, age blurring and agelessness. As a result, consumers are often found acting in a manner that would be expected of their younger or older counterparts that lead to similarities in the buying patterns across different age groups. This in turn is impacting the marketing mediums that influence them and their buying behaviour. Various studies conducted over a period of time are unanimous on the fact that demographic factors, especially age, sex and income are major factors contributing to changes in consumers buying patterns i.e. a shift from tradition shopping to online shopping (Kacen, et al., 2013; Passyn, et al., 2011; Williams, et al., 2010). However, Passyn et al. (2011) found that women of all ages are more inclined to shop in stores while men prefer to shop online. Similarly Javadi et al. (2012) noted that demographic shifts become a crucial factor in consumer behavior. Due to increase in educational qualifications of the consumers and advancements in medical science, there is increase in life expectancy and reduction in birth rate in almost all the major economies of the world. As a result, there is imbalance in age distributions and rapid addition of aging population (Deloitte, 2011). This has also shifted the buying behaviour. Thus, online consumers tend to be older with better education qualifi cations, high income and more tech-savvy (Javadi et al., 2012). Additionally, the gender of the consumer also impacts the buying behavior to a certain extent as men and women differ in their web buying patterns. While men prefer straight forward information to their queries, women like to explore and engage by seeking detailed information and entertainment while buying (Richard, et al, 2010). Other study conducted by Parment (2013) suggests that buyers behavior can be analyzed through generational cohorts. Generational cohorts refer to people born during same timeline and whose life course corresponds to one another. Similarly Williams, et al. (2010) in their study divided the consumers into five groups, namely, Pre-Depression, Depression, Baby Boom, Generation X, Generation Y, and Generation Z, and found that consumers needs change with life stages and every group had certain values that influenced their consumption behavior. Synthesis of Findings Based on the finding, it can be clearly interpreted that the consumers buying behavior is moving in favor of online shopping as opposed to traditional brick and mortar stores. Consumers of all age groups are moving towards online shopping owing to the ease and convenience of shopping sitting at home and getting product delivered. Moreover, information provided on internet influence the purchase decisions of younger generations as compared to older ones. But safety and security concerns related to online shopping can be found in all age groups (Passyn, et al., 2011; Kacen, et al., 2013). However, if gender is considered, males are more inclined to shop online as compared to their female counterparts. Women are more attached to traditional shopping and find it more fun and enjoyable experience. However, men find online shopping more relaxing and easier (Javadi et al., 2012; Passyn, et al., 2011; Richard, et al, 2010). Considering generation cohorts, pre-depression, gen Y and gen Z often shop online and find it exciting, fun and stimulating while depression generation, baby boomers and gen X find traditional shopping more exciting and providing better social experience (Parment, 2013; Williams, et al., 2010). Recommendations It is the duty of the marketers to know their target markets and design their marketing strategies based on the shifts in demography and analysis of the generation specific preferences. As such, following are the recommendations that the organisations may use to address the demographic influences: The marketers should make use of the internally and externally generated information to identify generation specific behaviors and then adopt appropriate marketing approach. Women are responsible for a large part of consumer spending (almost 83%), marketers should try to link to social media sites or provide chat rooms to customers. This will help them to catch the attention of their female shoppers as they could benefit from the simplicity of online shopping and still get the experience of socializing with others. Organisations can adopt multi-generational marketing strategies. Marketers should try to identify the consistent characteristics among generations and add those elements into their marketing strategies so gain wider target market appeal (Williams, et al., 2010). Card and information security is the top most concern for all the buyers. Hence, marketers should adopt and promote easy to use online security systems that store and retain confidential data, to tap the online shopper segment. Marketers should also try to engage and involve customers based on their gender. They should try to engage female customers by providing profuse information in detailed format and through social interactions while for male customers they should try to provide specific answers, limit the information to key issues thereby providing to the point interaction (Richard, et al, 2010). References Alooma, A. and Lawan, L. (2013). Effects of Consumer Demographic Variables on Clothes Buying Behaviour in Borno State, Nigeria, International Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 1(4), 791-799. Deloitte (2011). Consumer 2020: Reading the Signs. Retrieved from: https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.newonline.org/resource/resmgr/research/consumer_2020_4_jan_2011.pdf International Markets Bureau (2012). Global Consumer Trends: Age Demographics. Retrieved from: https://www5.agr.gc.ca/resources/prod/Internet-Internet/MISB-DGSIM/ATS-SEA/PDF/6217-eng.pdf Javadi, M. H. M., Dolatabadi, H. R., Nourbakhsh, M., Poursaeedi, A., and Asadollahi, A. R. (2012). An analysis of factors affecting on online shopping behavior of consumers. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 4(5), 81-98. Kacen, J., Hess, J. and Chiang, W. Y. (2013). Bricks or clicks?: Consumer attitudes toward traditional stores and online stores. Global Economics and Management Review, 18(1), 12-21. Parment, A. (2013). Generation Y vs. Baby Boomers: Shopping behavior, buyer involvement and implications for retailing, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 20(2), 189-199. Passyn, K., Diriker, M. and Settle, R. (2011). Images Of Online Versus Store Shopping: Have The Attitudes Of Men And Women, Young And Old Really Changed?, Journal of Business Economics Research, 9(1), 99-110. Richard, M. O., Chebat, J. C., Yang, Z., and Putrevu, S. (2010). A proposed model of online consumer behavior: Assessing the role of gender. Journal of Business Research, 63(9), 926-934. Williams, K., Page, R., Petrosky, A. and Hernandez, E. (2010). Multi-Generational Marketing: Descriptions, Characteristics, Lifestyles, and Attitudes, The Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 11(2), 21-36.

Evenin Air Blues

The poem Evenin’ Air Blues written by Langston Hughes was published in 1951. The poem consists of four six line stanzas or sestets. In the poem, a poor black man, who is probably an escaped slave, in a sad tone, speaks about the mismatch between the picture of Northern American states that existed among the Southern slaves and the reality in which although there is no slavery, living conditions are hard, and people can hardly makes their ends meet.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Evenin’ Air Blues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first stanza of Evenin’ Air Blues is a sestet, and the rhyme scheme is â€Å"ababcb†. The rhyming words are â€Å"North†, â€Å"fine†, â€Å"months† and â€Å"mind†. The first two words are repeated two times each. He chose those particular words to emphasize the basic introductory information which is the location – Nort h, its alleged description – fine, the amount of time he spent there – months, and the effect it had on him – that he almost lost his mind. Some critics have pointed out that rhyming â€Å"fine† and â€Å"minds† is technically a really bad move, and that it takes away much of the poems quality (Tracy, 158). Repetition as a tool is used here to show how rumors about the life in the North are repeated almost like a mantra among the Southern slaves. The second stanza of the poem also consists of six lines with the rhyme scheme is â€Å"efefgf†. The words that carry the rhyme are â€Å"breakfast†, â€Å"air†, â€Å"supper† and â€Å"spare†, the first two of which are used twice. The most prominent words that carry the rhyme are related to food – â€Å"breakfast† and â€Å"supper†, and they are used alongside the word â€Å"air† which is associated with emptiness and void. By doing this, the poet achieves his goal of vividly describing the day-by-day struggle that all of the black people faced. The main tool here is literal image. Hughes uses it very effectively so the reader can almost feel his long days without food and shelter. The physical repetition of words parallels the sameness of days in his life. That way, we get the picture of the lack of basic existential necessities that the speaker faces. In the third stanza, we get somewhat different but simple rhyme scheme – â€Å"hjhjhj†, but the number of lines is the same as in the first two. The rhyming words in this stanza are â€Å"dancin’†, â€Å"away†, â€Å"stay†, and the first two are, again, repeated two times. The word â€Å"dancin’† is chosen and repeated to transfer the atmosphere of dance nights; â€Å"away† is used in order to show the effect dance has on his sadness, and â€Å"stay† is used to emphasize the permanence of his melanchol y only occasionally interrupted by dances. In this stanza, the reader is introduced to the idea of dance as an antidote to poverty and suffering in a big city. The main tool in this stanza is personification, which is apparent in the last line, when the poet says how â€Å"blues forgets to stay†. In my view, by using this tool, the poet wants to emphasize how the speaker feels the blues as a conscious force or a spirit because of its power over him. This stanza shows us that artistic expression is what keeps people sane and gives them power to endure the hardships they face.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The final stanza is quite distinct from the rest of the poem since it is written in the rhyme scheme â€Å"kkkkkk†, which is a very unusual rhyme. In this stanza, the words that carry the rhyme are â€Å"me†, which is repeated three times, â€Å"beâ⠂¬  repeated two times and â€Å"see†. â€Å"Me† and â€Å"be† are used in an altering way to indicate how the speaker’s person is the permanent dwelling of the blues. The word â€Å"see† is used almost as a call for the reader to notice how apparent the cause of his sadness is. As for the number of lines, this stanza conforms to the rest of the poem, which means that it has six lines. The main tool which is used here very effectively is internal rhyme, and it can be found in the last line where the poet rhymes â€Å"me† and â€Å"see† line internally. The poet uses the opportunity to repeat the word â€Å"me† for the fourth time in this stanza almost as a way of physically pointing at himself to draw the attention of the society at his conditions. This effect is made even stronger since the word is rhymed with the verb â€Å"see†, which calls for people’s attention almost like an imperative. In conclusion, one m ight say that although criticized for its technical issues like problematic rhyme in â€Å"fine – mind† and dialectal inconsistencies, this poem is very valuable because it provides a vivid picture of disappointment in the life in the North. It is also worth adding that the poet has succeeded in transferring the lives of ordinary, poor, black people into artistic expression, and at the same time, he preserved the tone and atmosphere of everyday life by using the colloquial Southern dialect. Works Cited Tracy, Steven C.. Langston Hughes the blues. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988. Print. This essay on Evenin’ Air Blues was written and submitted by user Ruth Eaton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Clean Air Act essays

Clean Air Act essays Pollution in the United States is getting worse and worse by the day. Poor air quality is a serious issue and health risk in cities throughout the country. The main source of the pollution problem is our transportation. Cars produce roughly one half of the pollution in our cities, and about a quarter of the greenhouse gases. The internal combustion engine is the single largest source of air pollution in the United States. Toxic gases are emitted into the atmosphere as byproducts of the combustion process and also from evaporating gasoline. The main pollutants consist of carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrocarbons, and particulates, each of which are harmful to the human body and contribute to global warming. Carbon monoxide is the largest pollutant emitted. It attaches to the hemoglobin in the blood and lowers the bloods oxygen-carrying capacity, which causes headaches, drowsiness and blurred vision, and is fatal with prolonged exposure. Hydrocarbons cause eye irritation, coughing, wheezing, shortage of breath and serious lung damage. Nitrogen oxide causes acid rain and taints the quality of our water. Pollution is obviously a very serious problem that is putting each of us risk, as well as damaging our environment. Unfortunately this is not something that can be solved any time soon, however we must make an effort to deal with it. Gasoline is not the only way to power an automobile. There is technology out on the market, along with much more still in development, that provides logical substitutes to our current automobile fuel. Several companies have started mass production of cars that are fueled by both electricity and gasoline, known as hybrids. These hybrids only use gasoline during acceleration and run off an electric battery the remainder of the time. This allows these cars to travel up to 70 miles on one gallon of gas and they are still able to move at speeds ne ...

Diabete Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Diabete - Essay Example The patient is drowsy and the pulse rate is counted as 110. The respiration is fast at 25 deep and sighing breaths per minute, acetone on breath and keto-acidosis has been made. Type I diabetes can occur in patients of any age and is characterised by the inability of the pancreas to secrete the hormone insulin due to autoimmune destruction of the beta cells. It occurs in children quite abruptly, though new antibody tests have been developed to detect new onset adult form of type I diabetes mellitus known as LADA (latent Auto-immune Diabetes of Adults). What distinguishes them from other diabetic patients is the fact that if insulin is withdrawn, they develop ketosis and eventually ketoacidosis. Hence such patients are always dependent on exogenous insulin. Many of the pathophysiological disturbances in a patient with DKA can be measured by a clinician and should be monitored on a real-time basis throughout the course of the treatment. Attention to clinical laboratory data can help the clinician to track and prevent the onset of secondary lethal complications such as hypoglycemia and hyponatremia and hypokalemia. In the absence of insulin, the primary anabolic hormone, muscles and fats as well as the liver do not take up glucose. Counter regulatory hormones such as glucagons, GH and catecholamines enhance triglyceride breakdown into free fatty acids and gluconeogenesis causing an upshot in the level of serum glucose levels in DKA while there is no insulin. Betaoxidation of these free fatty acids then lead to increased ketone body formations. Metabolism in DKA shifts from the normal fed state to the fasting state characterised by fat metabolism. Secondary complications of primary metabolic derangement include an ensuing metabolic acidosis as ketone bodies deplete extra-cellular and cellular acid buffers. The hyperglycaemia induced osmotic diuresis depletes phosphates, potassium, sodium and water together with glucose and ketones. Most commonly, it depletes 10% of body water and 5mEq per kg of body mass of potassium. The total body potassium may be masked by acidosis by sustaining an increased serum potassium level. The levels can fall precipitously once the rehydration and insulin treatments start. Loss of ketoanions in urine with brisk diuresis and intact renal function may also lead to hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Frequency In the USA, DKA is seen in patients with type I diabetes. The incidence is grossly 2% patient years of diabetes and almost 3% of diabetes patients initially presenting with DKA. It can occur in type 2 diabetic patients as well though not as a rule. The mortality rate of DKA is nearly 2% per episode. Before the discovery of insulin in 1922, the mortality rate was almost 100 percent. Though patients less than 19 years of age are more prone to DKA, it can occur to a person of any age. History of patients and symptoms at presentation. Clinicians should look out for the classical symptoms of hyperglycemia such as thirst, polyuria, polydispisia and nocturia. Other symptoms include: Generalised weakness Lethargy Nausea Fatigue Decreased perspiration Confusion Increased appetite and Anorexia Clinicians should also be on the